Newsletter – 18th
October 2021
Tying the knot EXCLUSIVE
Census secrets
EXCLUSIVE
Tracking Holmes ancestors using DNA
How to become a professional genealogist: from aggro
to AGRA
Toad in the Hole – is our rich culinary heritage
being forgotten?
Gardeners' Corner: Heading into winter
with exotic plants
The LostCousins
newsletter is usually published 2 or 3 times a month. To access the previous issue
(dated 7th October) click here; to find earlier articles use the customised Google search between
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2009, so you don't need to keep copies):
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Tying the knot EXCLUSIVE
In June last year I
published an appeal by Professor Rebecca Probert, the leading academic
authority on the history of marriage law in England and Wales; if you contributed
to the project you'll be particularly interested in this update from the Professor:
"A huge thank
you to all those who replied to my call for information about ancestors who
married in a civil ceremony or who were Catholics or Nonconformists. In total,
I received responses from 184 family historians about 1,132 marriages
celebrated between 1837 and 2017. All information was then entered into a
dataset to help identify trends – so whether you contributed one example or
hundreds, it all contributed to building up a picture of how people married!
"The results
will shortly be appearing in an article in the Journal of Genealogy and Family
History – together with a number of case studies provided by family historians
to illustrate particular trends. This is an online open access journal so will
be available free of charge (I will send the link as soon as it is published).
I also have further articles planned as it was not possible to do justice to
the richness of the data in a single piece.
"Everyone who
contributed an example also gets a thank-you in my new book, Tying the Knot: The
Formation of Marriage 1836-2020, which has just been published by Cambridge University
Press. This traces how the law developed over that time, and the changes in the
way that people married. I’ll be talking about it at an event organised by the Society of Genealogists on 6th November and
at an online seminar on 3rd December (further details to follow – follow me at
@ProfProbert or watch this space!)."
Professor
Probert's books are some of the most well-thumbed on my shelves – her
ground-breaking work, Marriage Law for
Genealogists took a highly complex topic and made
it understandable, and the follow-up Divorced, Bigamist,
Bereaved? built on that foundation to provide further
insight into our ancestors' behaviour (and misbehaviour). In researching her
latest book she discovered even more about marriage
law and practice after 1837, and she'll be sharing the key points with
attendees during the Zoom talk on 6th November.
She has also written,
contributed to, or edited numerous academic works, as well as a book about the
life of a soldier's wife during the Peninsular War of 1808-14. Please follow the
appropriate link below to find out more:
Amazon.co.uk Amazon.com Amazon.ca Amazon.com.au
Newspaper
reports are usually the most readily-accessible records of inquests but as this
article
on the National Archives website explains, records of inquests over hundreds of
years have survived. There's also a link to an interesting podcast
by Kathy Chater, in which she explains how inquests not
only tell us how people died, but can also provide insight into how they lived.
Most
modern records that have survived are held locally: they are usually kept by
the coroner's office for 15 years and then transferred to the local record
office; whilst they are closed to the public for 75 years, next of kin should
be able to obtain access. For example, Patricia in New Zealand told me recently
that she was able to get a copy of the records of the 1995 inquest into the
death of her mother, who sadly died in a road traffic accident on the Isle of
Wight.
There
is a very interesting section about inquests in England & Wales on the
website of the Crown Prosecution Service – you'll find it here. Note in particular
that the fact that a post mortem is carried out
doesn’t necessarily mean that there will be an inquest – it depends what the post
mortem has revealed.
Post mortem reports from St
George's Hospital in London from 1841-1920 are online here should you have good
eyesight and a strong stomach – and want to understand how Victorian post
mortems compare with modern TV portrayals such as Silent Witness.
By my calculations there are more than 25,000 cases but you can browse them by
categories such as murder and suicide; if you follow this link you'll be able to
find out how James Bond met his maker in
1896.
Death
certificates normally show the cause of death, but this example from the early
years of civil registration is a rare exception:
These
days we can be fairly confident that, allergies aside,
the food we buy isn't going to poison us – but in earlier centuries careless or
unscrupulous merchants were able to get away with murder. The website Artisan
Food Law is primarily aimed at small producers who want to stay on the right
side of the law (all of them. hopefully), but it also includes a chronology
of food law and related incidents that begins in 1266 and will be of
interest to many family historians. For example, in 1861 it was claimed that
"that 87% of bread and 74% of milk sold in London was adulterated",
and in 1900 in "the north of England 6,000 people [were] affected, seventy
died, when beer [was] found to be contaminated with arsenic [in] sulphuric acid
used in the preparation of sugar supplied to brewers."
Tip:
if, like me, you've not only enjoyed but also made real sourdough bread you'll
find this blog post
interesting.
In the last issue I wrote
that the enumerators' summary books "are our only source of information up
to 1901", but that was a slight simplification, as Dr Donald Davis
reminded me this week. Some years ago Dr Davis discovered that some of the
household schedules from the 1841 Census of Shropshire had survived in the county
record office, and he wrote about his findings in the May 2013 issue of The Local Historian, which you'll
find here
(all issues of this excellent journal from 1952 onwards are currently free to
download, with the exception of the most recent issue).
Those of us who started your research before Ancestry
and Findmypast made the England & Wales censuses available online remember
that the microfilms of the enumerators' summary books included pages that we
don't see online. In his latest email Dr Davis pointed out that there can be
nuggets of information hidden away on those pages:
In 1841 the
enumerator was requested to fill up the following three tables:
(1) The number of
persons who, on the night of 6 June slept:
a)
in barges, boats, or
other small vessels remaining stationary in canals or other inland navigable waters;
b)
in mines or pits;
c)
in barns or sheds;
d)
in tents or in the
open air; or
e)
those who for any
other cause, although within the District, have not
been enumerated as inmates of any dwelling house.
(2) If any temporary
influx of persons into the District, or temporary
departure of persons from it shall have caused considerable increase or
decrease of the Population of the District the enumerator was requested to
state the numbers of males and females so affected and the supposed cause and
the kind of persons involved.
(3) The number of
Persons known to have emigrated from the District to the Colonies or to foreign
countries since December 31, 1840. Many Enumerators ignored the Tables, many
wrote nil to confirm that there were no persons affected. Others entered the
numbers as requested. Still others could not resist entering the actual names
of people.
It is a shame that this data is not included
in the commercial census sites. A presentation I gave at Family Tree Live
looked at one county, Devon, to summarise the primary evidence recorded by its
enumerators in the three tables. There were 366 enumerators in that county who
did not leave the three tables entirely blank. Many recorded nil. This is
useful to the local historian. Occasionally the enumerator named names which
would be of great interest to the family historian. The prize for thoroughness
goes to enumerator John Wills Jr. in the parish of St. Thomas the Apostle who recorded the
names and ages of those who slept on vessels on 6 June 1841. He even named the
vessels on which they slept.
Dr Davis has kindly allowed me to share with you
the spreadsheet he compiled for Devon; even if you don’t have ancestors from
that glorious county it’s well worth a look to get a
sense of the sort of information that can be found. You can download the spreadsheet
in Excel format by clicking this link.
In
the 19th century many children died before reaching the age of 5 – there were
no vaccinations against the diseases of childhood – and in 1841 life expectancy
at birth for a boy was low, just 40 years. However, that doesn’t mean that men
were lucky to live beyond the age of 40 – a boy who survived to the age of 5 had,
on average around 50 more years of life to look forward to, while a man aged 50
had a good chance of living to the age of 70.
This
page
at the Office for National Statistics website has a number of charts relating
to life expectancy – the figures I've quoted are taken from the second chart,
and you can see how the shape of the curve has changed over time. For a detailed
statistical guide to life expectancy in the 21st century in the UK download the
spreadsheet that you will find here
– insurance companies use tables like these for calculating life assurance premiums
and annuity rates, but there are good reasons for individuals to make use of
them when planning their finances, although it's important to remember that they
are averages, not predictions..
Following the articles in the last newsletter there
seemed to be foundlings everywhere I looked - my wife and I watched an episode
of The Repair Shop last week in which a member of the public who was a foundling brought
her teddy bear in for repair – it was her only connection to her birth mother. Then
there was an episode of Our Lives subtitled Finding My Family which told the story of Leah, a foundling who hit the headlines in
1994 when she was discovered in a hospital toilet (it's on BBC iPlayer here). And LostCousins
member John told me about a foundling baptised in St Stithians,
Cornwall in July 1804 as Julia Stythians; when she
emigrated with her husband to Australia in 1848-49 she
was recorded in the passenger list as July (foundling).
And finally, the news I'd been waiting for – the release
date of Nathan Dylan Goodwin's new book, The Foundlings. It'll be out on 30th October and my review will appear in the next
issue of this newsletter, but if you want to place your order now, please
follow the relevant link below so that you can support LostCousins:
Amazon.co.uk Amazon.com Amazon.ca Amazon.com.au
This week I was looking at a discussion in the Who Do You Think You Are? Facebook group when I noticed a comment about a marriage in 1784 which
suggested that 25 was rather old for a woman to be marrying for the first time.
It's a common misconception that people married young in earlier centuries – research
published by Wrigley and Schofield in 1981 (and re-published in Marriage Law for Genealogists – see above) shows that in the second half of the 18th century the average
age at which women married for the first time was 24.9 years. Another source I
found quoted 26.
Although boys of 14 and girls of 12 could marry
until 1929, economic reality and parental discretion served to limit the number
of youngsters who married. A further factor was that apprentices could not
marry without the permission of their master, and soldiers needed the permission
of their commanding officer if they wanted the marriage to be recognised (which
is why you will sometimes come across a couple who married each other twice).
Hopefully one day somebody will carry out systematic
research into the ages shown on marriage certificates after the commencement of
civil registration (1837 in England & Wales). My experience suggests that in
the 19th century at least half of the ages shown (or implied) were wrong, and
that if anything they're even less reliable as a source than ages shown in the
census – but it would be good to back up this hunch with research.
One of my 8 great-great grandmothers was named Sarah Holmes, so I'd
been hoping that one day I'd find that I was descended from a Sherlock Holmes –
but he hasn't shown up in my researches thus far. Mind you, tracking the Holmes line has
involved a fair amount of detective work (see the next article), so I like to think
of myself as a spiritual descendant of the fictional detective.
The name Sherlock Holmes doesn't appear in the
England & Wales birth registers until 1897, a decade after the first
Sherlock Holmes story – A Study in Scarlet – was published, and 4 years after Holmes had apparently died at the
Reichenbach Falls, although there was a Harry Sherlock Holmes whose birth was
registered in 1894. In the books Sherlock had an older brother, Mycroft, who
sprang to prominence only in the 21st century, in the series featuring Benedict
Cumberbatch as Holmes: the first – and only – Mycroft Holmes birth was registered
in 1901, but intriguingly there was a Harry Mycroft Holmes born in 1891.
Having killed Sherlock Holmes off in order to focus attention on his other writings, of which The Lost World is probably the most
notable, Arthur Conan Doyle eventually relented and wrote his third Sherlock Holmes
novel, The Hound of the Baskervilles, which was serialised in The Strand Magazine between August 1901 and April 1902. Nevertheless this didn’t stop the Northampton Mercury from
publishing the spoof on the right in their 15th November 1901 issue .
(Image © THE BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD. ALL RIGHTS
RESERVED. Used by permission of Findmypast)
Two years later Doyle published a short story, The Adventure of the Empty House, in which it was revealed that Holmes had faked his death at the Reichenbach
Falls in order to evade his enemies. Many more short
stories were to follow – the last was published in 1927.
Although we often refer to him as Conan Doyle, Conan
was one of his forenames, not part of his surname (though it was the surname of
his godfather). There was a time when double-barrelled surnames were the province
of the aristocracy, but gradually the aspiring middle-classes laid claim to this
style of address. Nowadays they are more likely to result from women retaining
their maiden surname after marriage, in the American style, though often it's
just an indication that the parents of a child weren't married to each other.
Doyle was not just the author of some of our
best-loved works of fiction; he qualified and practised as a doctor. In his
spare time he was a sportsman of some note, playing
soccer for Portsmouth (he was their goalkeeper), and playing 10 matches for the
MCC (Marylebone Cricket Club). As a bowler he took just one first-class wicket
during his career, but it was that of WG Grace, the most famous batsman of the
era.
But it's as a writer of detective stories that Arthur
Ignatius Conan Doyle is mostly remembered – they certainly had quite an impact
on me when I read them nearly 60 years ago, and I still follow the example of
the famous detective, who said "When you have eliminated all which is
impossible, then whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth."
Mind you, Sherlock Holmes couldn’t call on DNA to
help him – thankfully we can…..
Tracking Holmes ancestors using DNA
My great-great-great grandparents, John Holmes and Hannah
Read, married in 1827 at St Dunstan, Stepney, east London (not to be confused
with St Dunstan's in the East which, confusingly, was further west). For a long
time I had pencilled in an 1804 baptism for John to
Edward Holmes and his wife Charlotte, but I was unable to prove to my own
satisfaction that this was the right baptism – London was, after all, the most
populous city in the world at the time, and many of the inhabitants had
migrated to London from other parts of the land.
There were a number of
Ancestry trees that showed John's parents as Edward and Charlotte, but they also
showed the couple marrying more than 200 miles away in Plymouth. Since most of
the population of England lived within 200 miles of London it seemed likely that
there would be many other couples who would fit as well – after all, Holmes isn't
exactly a rare surname (there were over 178,000 Holmes births registered in
England & Wales between 1837-2006). Some of these people were DNA matches
of mine but that didn’t provide a link to Plymouth, and some of them showed
Edward as born in Yorkshire, though without offering any justification for this
choice.
The breakthrough came when I spotted a DNA match
with a cousin in Australia who was descended from an Isaac Holmes, who had been
tried at the Old Bailey in 1818 for stealing a pair of pantaloons value 30
shillings (about a month's wages in those days) and sentenced to 7 years' transportation
– he was only 18 years old. Most surviving records give no indication of where
Isaac was born, or who his parents were, but the Certificate of Freedom issued in
1830 shows that he came from Plymouth. This fitted perfectly with this baptism on
10th February 1800 at Stoke Damerel – then in Devonport,
now part of Plymouth – to Edward & Charlotte Holmes:
Image © Copyright. Plymouth Archives; used by kind
permission of Findmypast
A daughter, Mary Ann, who was born in 1797 had been
baptised on the same day, and this fitted with 1841 Census which showed
Charlotte, by then a widow, living in St George in the East with four of her
daughters (the younger Charlotte also widowed, the rest still single):
© Crown Copyright Image reproduced by courtesy of
The National Archives, London, England. Used with the permission of Findmypast
(Although
all four daughters are shown as born in Middlesex in fact only two of them were.)
Another
daughter, Sarah, had registered Edward's death just a few months earlier. From
the 1851 Census it was apparent that Charlotte and Sarah had been born in Boston,
Lincolnshire and the register not only confirms that their father was a
bricklayer (as shown when my ancestor John and his older sister Elizabeth were
baptised in 1804), it also gives their mother's maiden name as Masters. This
tallies with this 1794 marriage at St Andrew, Plymouth:
Image © Copyright. Plymouth Archives; used by kind
permission of Findmypast
Note
that Edward is conveniently shown in the marriage register as being with the
Stafford(shire) Militia, which had been embodied (called-up) at the start of the
Napoleonic Wars and marched down to Plymouth in 1793. The following year they
were stationed at Weymouth, Dorset where they caught the eye of King George III,
who holidayed there – this ultimately led to the regiment being posted to
Windsor in June 1798, which might explain how Edward and his family ended up in
London – though since he was a bricklayer by trade the fast-growing city would have
been a likely destination anyway.
This
is yet another example where DNA evidence has proved important to my research –
it enabled me to confidently connect together records
from London, Plymouth in Devon, Boston in Lincolnshire, and Australia. I've not
only been able to confirm that Edward & Charlotte were my 4G grandparents, I've found their marriage and been able to identify Charlotte's
parents, her paternal grandparents, and her grandmother's parents.
Considering
how well DNA has worked out for so many family historians it surprises me that
there are still a significant minority of experienced researchers who aren’t prepared
to make use of such a valuable tool – or at least take a DNA test so that the
information they've inherited is preserved for the benefit of future
generations. Documents and photographs can be scanned, memories can be written
down or recorded - but when it comes to DNA the only way to preserve it is to
take a sample and send it to a laboratory. No matter how many children we have there
will be sections of our DNA that none of them have inherited – and even those
sections that have been inherited by the children will be jumbled up with the
DNA of their other parent.
So if you want to help the family historians of the future,
testing your DNA is "Elementary, my dear Watson" – as Sherlock Holmes
almost, but never quite, said.
How
to become a professional genealogist: from aggro to AGRA
Most
LostCousins members have been researching their family history for 20 years or
more, and I suspect more than a few of you have wondered whether you could capitalise
on all that experience by transforming your hobby into a source of income.
On
Saturday 30th October the Society of Genealogists are hosting an online talk by
Antony Marr, a LostCousins member (and a police officer for 30 years), who retrained
as a professional genealogist and is now Chairman of the Association of
Genealogists and Researchers in Archives (AGRA), one of the leading
professional bodies in the UK. During his career he has also acted as a Deputy
Registrar and if I remember rightly, we first met when we both attended a
meeting at the Home Office organised by the General Register Office.
The
Zoom talk starts at 10.30am and runs until 1pm, including questions. If you do
decide to become a professional genealogist the course fee of £20 (£16 for SoG members) will be tax-deductible, as will many of your
other expenses. To book or find out more please follow this link
– and don’t delay, because events mentioned in this newsletter tend to sell out
very quickly!
Toad
in the Hole – is our rich culinary heritage being forgotten?
According
to this BBC article
nearly 1 in 5 Britons don't believe that 'Toad in the Hole' is a real dish, and
a similar number don't believe 'Spotted Dick' exists. Even 'Bangers and Mash' is
considered fictional by 11%.
It's
certainly true that many of the dishes that were the mainstays of my diet as a
child don't find their way onto my plate these days, but that's only because I know
(and care) more about nutrition now than I did then. I do still eat 'Liver and
Bacon', which was one of my favourites as a child, and if fish wasn't so
expensive 'Cod in Parsley Sauce' would be on the menu more often.
Which
of your childhood favourites do you still enjoy? Post your comments on the
LostCousins Forum so that other members can read them (please don’t send them
to me as I'm busy helping members solve the mysteries in their trees).
Tip:
if you’re taking part in the LostCousins project to connect cousins around the
world you may already have qualified to join the forum – and even if you
haven't, it won't take long to put that right. To find out where you currently
stand check your My Summary page.
Spelling
wasn't something most of our ancestors worried about, and not just because many
of them were illiterate – until the Victorian era even educated people cared
little for spelling, if they thought about it at all. Even
Shakespeare, considered by many to be the greatest writer in the English
language wrote his name in many different ways (none
of which was 'William Shakespeare', by the way).
Spelling
variations multiply when there are different accents involved, and this beautifully-told story is a
wonderful example of the challenges that family historians face. Well worth a
read!
Gardeners' Corner: Heading into winter with
exotic plants
Now
that autumn has arrived in the northern hemisphere, and winter is just around
the corner, my attention has turned to the exotic plants that won’t survive an
English winter. Once again my article is a little too
long for the newsletter, so Peter has allocated me a page of my own, which
you'll find here.
Tip:
if you're in New Zealand you’re just coming out of your winter,
but read the article now so that you don't make the same mistake that I
did!
I
hope you enjoy the latest article. If you have any questions or comments please send them to Peter (at the address in the
email which told you about this newsletter) and he'll pass them on to me.
Thanks,
Siân
PS
here are some current offers from a supplier I've used in the past….
20%
off Herbs (ends 27/10/21)
15%
off Pots & Containers (ends 20/10/21)
3
for 2 Autumn-planting bulbs (ends 27/10/21)
Plant
clearance – save up to 40% (ends 20/10/21)
As
anticipated I got my booster jab on Saturday 9th October,
and I was delighted to find that I could have a flu jab at the same time. In
England over-65s generally get a slightly different flu
vaccine from younger people, one that has an extra ingredient designed to boost
the immune response (I imagine it's the same in other parts of the UK). Until
last year I'd never had a flu jab – it has been many, many years since I last
caught flu, because working from home (as I have since 1997) dramatically reduces
my exposure to infectious diseases – but now I'm a lot older and a little
wiser.
Countries
around the world are changing their strategies for dealing with the pandemic. The
New Zealand government had been pursuing a Zero-COVID strategy, but that seems
unsustainable now that the Delta variant has reached the shores of the island
nation – this article
from Wired sums up the situation quite well. There has been a similar
change of tack in Australia – see this BBC article.
In
the past week there have been two revelations about COVID tests – the first is
that research has shown lateral flow tests to be more useful than previously
thought; the second was the discovery that around 43,000 PCR tests processed by
a single commercial laboratory in the UK in September and October are thought
to have given false negative results. It will be some time before we are able
to gauge the impact of this apparent systematic failure, but it could be substantial
– it will almost certainly have cost lives. Ironically, when the story began to
break it seemed at first that the large number of negative PCR tests following
positive lateral flow tests indicated a problem with the latter.
The
latest figures from the Office for National Statistics (released on Friday) show
that over 8% of Year 7 to Year 11 pupils would currently test positive for
COVID:
Modelled percentage of the population testing
positive for COVID-19 by age/school year, England |
||||||
6 October 2021 |
|
|
|
|||
Grouped age |
Modelled % testing positive for COVID-19 |
95% Lower credible Interval |
95% Upper credible Interval |
Modelled ratio of people testing positive for
COVID-19 |
95% Lower credible Interval |
95% Upper credible Interval |
Age 2 to School Year 6 |
3.13 |
2.66 |
3.64 |
1 in 30 |
1 in 40 |
1 in 25 |
School Year 7 to School Year 11 |
8.10 |
7.31 |
8.90 |
1 in 10 |
1 in 15 |
1 in 10 |
School Year 12 to Age 24 |
1.05 |
0.78 |
1.39 |
1 in 95 |
1 in 130 |
1 in 70 |
Age 25 to Age 34 |
0.63 |
0.47 |
0.84 |
1 in 160 |
1 in 210 |
1 in 120 |
Age 35 to Age 49 |
1.23 |
1.07 |
1.41 |
1 in 80 |
1 in 95 |
1 in 70 |
Age 50 to Age 69 |
0.80 |
0.70 |
0.90 |
1 in 130 |
1 in 140 |
1 in 110 |
Age 70+ |
0.64 |
0.53 |
0.77 |
1 in 160 |
1 in 190 |
1 in 130 |
Source: Office for National Statistics –
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection Survey |
These
statistics are for people in the community – they don’t include people in hospitals,
care homes, or other communal establishments. Vaccines are our main weapon for
fighting off the virus, but according to this Guardian article
only 14.2% of 12-15 year-olds in England have been vaccinated, whereas the
figure for Scotland is 44.3%. What on earth is going wrong? The roll-out of
booster jabs in England is also disappointingly slow – see this BBC News article published just as
I was finalising this newsletter.
Although
a lot of people who were previously working from home are now returning to
their offices for part of the week, it seems that office days aren't spread
evenly over the working week. This Evening Standard article
suggests that Wednesday and Thursday are the busiest days based on data
collected by the mobile phone company O2 from its masts in the City of London –
the picture might be somewhat different for other parts of London, and other
cities, but I suspect it won’t be that different. It's good to know that many employers
are still allowing their employees to work from home full-time or part-time,
and I suspect that some are wondering why they didn't embrace flexible working
before they were forced to.
For
me flexible working has always been important – when I was in the software publishing
business in the 1980s and early 90s most of my developers worked from home,
whether they were coding or designing graphics. For example, the 1988 soccer
game pictured in the last issue was a collaboration between developers working
many miles apart, some of whom never met each other. You might be wondering how
we managed this before the Internet – at first we
relied on the post, but then modems got faster and we were able to send files around
the country (and, indeed, the world) over standard telephone lines. The transmission
rates were slow by today's standards, however the
files were a lot smaller than they are today.
If
you live in the UK you will probably have noticed that
most mobile phone companies have ended free roaming in the EU – but not O2 and
not GiffGaff, the mobile provider that I've been
using and recommending for many years (GiffGaff is owned
by O2 and uses their network, but offers much more competitive deals). There's
no commitment – you buy a 'goody bag' that lasts for a month but at the end of
that month you can upgrade, downgrade or simply not renew.
All of the goody bags include unlimited phone calls
and texts. What varies is the data allowance – at times of the year when I'm
going to be at home most of the time I choose the £6 goody bag, which includes
500MB of data – plenty for web-browsing and navigation, but not enough for
streaming. But if I'm going to be staying away from home
I might choose the £10 or £15 Golden goody bag, which come with 10GB and 25GB of
data respectively, more than enough for me to send out emails to the 70,000
readers of this newsletter while I'm travelling (and with the larger goody bag
I can watch TV as well). You can get a free GiffGaff
SIM by following this link, and we'll
both benefit from a £5 bonus if you decide to activate the SIM.
This is where any major updates and corrections will be
highlighted - if you think you've spotted an error first reload the newsletter
(press Ctrl-F5) then
check again before writing to me, in case someone else has beaten you to
it......
Peter Calver
Founder, LostCousins
© Copyright 2021 Peter Calver
Please do NOT copy or republish any part of this newsletter
without permission - which is only granted in the most exceptional
circumstances. However,
you MAY link to this newsletter or any article in it without asking for
permission - though why not invite other family historians to join LostCousins
instead, since standard membership (which includes the newsletter), is FREE? To
link to a specific article right-click on the article name in the contents list
at the top of the newsletter.